The number of species that live in a certain location is called species. Compared to water, land is an erratic habitat where temperature and moisture availability may change abruptly and dramatically. Environmentalists might define biodiversity as the total of all plant and animal life of the planet, and the planet itself the air, water and land that supports animal and plant life. Thus, insights on how plant diversityproductivity relationships affect soil water are lacking. Plant diversity ii evolution of seed plants seeds transformed the world seeds changed the course of plant evolution, enabling their bearers to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems seed plants originated about 360 million years ago a seed consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.
Recent studies have shown that several community and ecosystem processes are correlated with species diversity 112, but why this should occur remains mathematically largely unexplained. Difficult to define because definition consists of two distinct components. Study of the plant diversity in hyrcanian forest case. Plants define the habitat of a site, providing structure, shelter and food as well as contributing to the overall biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety and variability of life on earth. Furthermore, aboveground plant biomass consistently shaped the richness and composition of individual fungal trophic modes i. Fountain boils it down as the degree of variation in a system in.
The magnitude of the response to diversity depended on the extent of interspecific differences. But keep in mind the overarching trend in plant diversity a shift from gametophyte dominant plants in the byrophytes, to an evolutionary intermediary step where the sporophyte dominant generation is dominant and the gameophyte generation is independent, to seeds plants where the gametophyte generation is so reduced that it is dependent upon. The convention on biological diversity plant conservation report. Pdf an overview of plant biodiversity is provided in this chapter. In india there are about 45,000 plant species are known that represent about 7% of the worlds flora. The denominator equals mean proportional species abundance in the dataset as calculated with the weighted generalized mean with exponent q 1. The inclusion of germplasm in plant breeding programmes and development of released cultivars are the most generally recognized uses of genetic resources. Reproduction involving the fusion of male and female. The key innovation for this next group, and for all plants from this point forward in our survey of plant diversity, is vascular tissue. Plant diversity challenge secretariat of the convention on. Evenness hhmax hlns by definition, e is constrained between 0 and 1. Okavango basin did not fall under the forest definition applied by hansen et al. We can compare the actual diversity value to the maximum possible diversity by using a measure called evenness.
The diversity of plant life exists for many reasons, one being adaptive change. Materials and methods study site description iranian habitats support about 8000 species of. The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest where all species may not be equally abundant. An estimated 40 per cent of the global economy is based on biologi. An unequivocal, precise, and generally accepted definition of biodiversity does not exist. Analysis of vegetation and plant diversity patterns in the okavango. Using arcgis we studied anthropogenic effects present in new york city urban wetlands and examined their impacts on plant diversity. Pdf an unequivocal, precise, and generally accepted definition of biodiversity does not exist. A national policy for the conservation and development of plant genetic resources and a conservation strategy of ethiopia have been developed. If you live in california and visit the mediterranean, chile, south africa or australia, you might notice similarities between the plant life. These days, botanical or plant diversity is an oftheard concept, but it can be difficult to determine what it means to the individual gardener or homeowner. Species diversity in a dataset can be calculated by first taking the weighted average of species proportional abundances in the dataset, and then taking the inverse of this.
In this session we will focus on summarising what you need to know about. Germplasm is living tissue from which new plants can be grown. Species richness variety of species or the number of different species or genera, families, etc. Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community a dataset. Results of regular monitoring of the species diversity and structure of plant communities is used by conservation biologists to help understand impacts of perturbations caused by humans and other environmental factors on ecosystems worldwide. If no species is present, the equilibrial resource concentration i. The diversity in plant life can be understood from the following headings. Centres of plant diversity cpd was established in 1998 as a joint classification initiative between the world wildlife fund wwf and the international union for the conservation of nature intended to identify the areas in the world that are of the highest conservation value in terms of protecting the highest number of plant species. Ibc is the national focal point for plant genetic resources conservation for food and agriculture.
Classification and plant diversity lecture outline the five kingdoms prokaryotes vs. The longterm study of plant biodiversity found that each species plays a role in maintaining a productive ecosystem, especially when a long time horizon is considered. Notes on definition the cbd definition is the internationally accepted definition of biodiversity. They include flowering plants trees, shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, as well as the gymnosperms which include conifers, ferns and related species, and also the bryophytes mosses and liverworts. Investigating plant diversity and anthropogenic effects in nyc wetlands abstract. Plant diversity formerly plant diversity and resources is an international plant science journal that publishes substantial original research and. Mcq on diversity of life classification system mcq. Binomial nomenclature means writing the name of plant in two words which designate.
Plant diversity and distributions missouri botanical garden. Finally, variation in extracellular enzyme activity, net n mineralization rates, and soil organic matter respiration was significantly explained by fungal diversity when. The conservation of landrace diversity has been hindered in part by the lack of an accepted definition to define the entity universally recognized as landraces. In his pioneering attempts to define the functional roles of species within plant and animal communities, whittaker 1965, 1975 recognized that. Hummer1 usda ars national clonal germplasm repository, 33447 peoria road, corvallis, or 973332521 jim f. Defining and identifying crop landraces plant genetic. Many ecological factors and plant traits deserve consideration as potential determinants of dominance diversity profiles, and it is clear that controlling effects vary in detail from site to site. In traditional theory, the niche space is defined by a number of niche axes, but in practice these are difficult to measure, especially for plants.
Among other factors, the diversity of all living things depends on temperature, precipitation, altitude, soils, geography and the presence of other species. Introduction all modern terrestrial plants are the descendants of algae that adapted to a terrestrial habitat roughly 500 million years ago. Biodiversity glossary1 convention on biological diversity. Here we report that three different ecological models predict that ecosystem productivity, standing crop, and resource use depend on species diversity, much as has been experimentally. Vegetation interacts with topography and soils, modifying microsites and creating ecological niches for various plants and animals.
Finally, to compare the communities in terms of their overall diversity and to define their. The group of similar plants which breed freely among themselves constitute a. Investigating plant diversity and anthropogenic effects in. It can be a seed or another plant part a leaf, a piece of stem, pollen or even just a few cells that can be turned into a whole plant. Pdf on jan 1, 2005, andrew j hamilton and others published species. Understanding the value of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Species richness an index based on the number of species i. Aug 23, 2018 these days, botanical or plant diversity is an oftheard concept, but it can be difficult to determine what it means to the individual gardener or homeowner. Definition and relevance of biodiversity at the ecosystem level. When a plant is used in a landscape, it provides a variety of ecological services, including shade, wildlife habitat, clean water, healthy soil, and clean air.
Convention on biological diversity 19921 biodiversity is a compound word derived from biological diversity and therefore is considered to have the same meaning. Choose from 500 different sets of definition biology plant diversity flashcards on quizlet. Practices associated with intensive, shortrotation plantation forestry, that preclude or delay the development of oldgrowth attributes, may result in longterm loss of diversity. Learn definition biology plant diversity with free interactive flashcards. As a result, animal or insect species richness often mirrors plant species richness along elevation gradients. Also requires water for sperm to swim through to eggs. Without a definition it would be impossible to prepare an inventory and without an inventory changes in landrace constituency could not be recognized over time. The importance of biological diversity to human society is hard to overstate. Plant diversity i chapter 29 objectives describe four shared characteristics and four distinct characteristics between charophytes and land plants distinguish between the phylum bryophyta and bryophytes diagram and label the life cycle of a bryophyte.
See the life cycle diagrams in your lab manual for help. Details of genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity are given. In all cases, the greater resource use associated with higher plant diversity would reduce ecosystem nutrient losses, leading to longterm increases in ecosystem carbon and nutrient stores, which also would increase productivity. Biodiversityshort for biological diversitymeans the diversity of life in all its formsthe diversity of species, of genetic variations within one species, and of ecosystems. The aim of this research is a study of the plant diversity in lajim forest, mazandaran province, north of iran hyrcanian forest. The evenness of the sample is obtained from the formula. Plant diversity page pd1 diversity in the plant kingdom i. Details of genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity are given find, read. Factors controlling plant species diversity have been teased apart in an ancient dune ecosystem in western australia. Environmental filtering explains variation in plant. Distribution of plant species richness along elevation. Plants are very different in the various habitats around the world. Diversity of plants mississippi state university extension. Changes in plant communities can, for example, be a reflection of increased levels of pollution, a response to longterm climate change.
As a group, the orchids are different from other plants but only in the morphological structural characteristics associated with the flower and its organization. Biodiversity at the ecosystem level patterns and processes. The present paper emphasises on plant diversity, and. In an article published by the university of kentucky department of horticulture, however, extension professor william m. Plant diversity i chapter 29 objectives describe four shared characteristics and four distinct characteristics between charophytes and land plants distinguish between the phylum bryophyta and bryophytes diagram and label the life cycle of a bryophyte explain why most bryophytes grow close to the ground. Your grade on this plant diversity project worth 40 points will consist of 4 parts. As with h, evenness assumes that all species are represented within the sample. Cryptic diversity, defined as two or more distinct species that were classified as a single one due to morphological similarity, is believed to be a potentially. Although the definition of plant in strict taxonomic terms is confined to the kingdom. Germplasm contains the information for a species genetic makeup, a valuable natural resource of plant diversity. How does evolution favor certain traits in specific regions. However, a generalization can be attempted and this is summarized in fig. Even the special characteristics of orchid flowers, such as the masses of pollen called pollinia, the joining of the stamens and pistil to form a column, and the tiny seeds without endosperm.
However the need for such a definition that is both scientifically sensible and universally applicable is. Biodiversity is not evenly distributed, rather it varies greatly across the globe as well as within regions. Plant species richness and functional groups have different. Nearly, 4900 species of angiosperms are endemic to india. The convention on biological diversity plant conservation. Plant conservation gppc, the world conservation monitoring centre of the united nations environment programme unepwcmc and relevant organizations, and taking into account contributions from parties, other governments and relevant stakeholders, a plant conservation report that could provide input to. This diversity of living creatures forms a support system which has been used by each civilization for its growth and development. The report is available in electronic format pdf at neris website. Biodiversity is typically a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level. Vascular plants have true leaves, stems, and roots. More efficient use of plant genetic diversity is a prerequisite to meeting the challenge of development, food security and poverty alleviation.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Here, we determine which factors related to plant community composition species and functional group richness, presence of plant functional groups and soil organic carbon concentration affect soil water in a long. Bryophytes the first plant group above the water line. Unique to bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant and sporophyte is simple and. Forest plan with an ecologically based definition for each forest cover type. Plant diversity and distributions patterns of plant diversity and distribution ccsd is advancing the understanding of patterns of plant diversity and distribution through studies that integrate plant occurrence data accumulated by garden botanists over many years with other types of information such as phylogenies and geographic environmental data.
Ethiopia has also signed and ratified the convention on biological diversity and the international treaty on. Local plant diversity was mostly determined by environmental filtering from the regional species pool. Environmental drivers of patterns of plant diversity along a. Sep 26, 2014 factors controlling plant species diversity have been teased apart in an ancient dune ecosystem in western australia. Improvement of plant diversity and methods for its evaluation in.
Environmental filtering explains variation in plant diversity. Terrestrial biodiversity is usually greater near the equator, which is the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Pdf local plant diversity patterns and evolutionary history at the. Vascular plants also have a special substance called lignin which is a compound in the.
Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location. Chapter 22 plant diversity slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Apr 27, 2015 chapter 22 plant diversity slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Compared to water, land is an erratic habitat where temperature and moisture availability may change abruptly and. The study of the spatial distribution of organisms, species and ecosystems, is the science of biogeography. Plant diversity 1 for each of the following, indicate whether it is a sporophyte or a gametophyte. Plant diversity is key to maintaining productive vegetation. An overview of plant biodiversity is provided in this chapter.
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